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Naive skepticism scale: development and validation tests applied to the chilean population

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Abstract

Background

Skepticism has traditionally been associated with critical thinking. However, philosophy has proposed a particular type of skepticism, termed naive skepticism, which may increase susceptibility to misinformation, especially when contrasting information from official sources. While some scales propose to measure skepticism, they are scarce and only measure specific topics; thus, new instruments are needed to assess this construct.

Objective

This study aimed to develop a scale to measure naive skepticism in the adult population.

Method

The study involved 446 individuals from the adult population. Subjects were randomly selected for either the pilot study (phase 2; n = 126) or the validity-testing study (phase 3; n = 320). Parallel analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling were conducted to assess the internal structure of the test. Scale reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients Finally, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess invariance, and a Set- Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to estimate evidence of validity based on associations with other variables.

Results

The naive skepticism scale provided adequate levels of reliability (ω > 0.8), evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test (CFI = 0.966; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.079), gender invariance, and a moderate inverse effect on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines.

Conclusions

The newly developed naive skepticism scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in an adult population, thus enabling the assessment of naive skepticism in similar demographics. This paper discusses the implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale.

Naive skepticism scale: development and validation tests applied to the chilean population

Latest Results

Abstract

Background

Skepticism has traditionally been associated with critical thinking. However, philosophy has proposed a particular type of skepticism, termed naive skepticism, which may increase susceptibility to misinformation, especially when contrasting information from official sources. While some scales propose to measure skepticism, they are scarce and only measure specific topics; thus, new instruments are needed to assess this construct.

Objective

This study aimed to develop a scale to measure naive skepticism in the adult population.

Method

The study involved 446 individuals from the adult population. Subjects were randomly selected for either the pilot study (phase 2; n = 126) or the validity-testing study (phase 3; n = 320). Parallel analyses and exploratory structural equation modelling were conducted to assess the internal structure of the test. Scale reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega coefficients Finally, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess invariance, and a Set- Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was applied to estimate evidence of validity based on associations with other variables.

Results

The naive skepticism scale provided adequate levels of reliability (ω > 0.8), evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the test (CFI = 0.966; TLI = 0.951; RMSEA = 0.079), gender invariance, and a moderate inverse effect on attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines.

Conclusions

The newly developed naive skepticism scale showed acceptable psychometric properties in an adult population, thus enabling the assessment of naive skepticism in similar demographics. This paper discusses the implications for the theoretical construct and possible limitations of the scale.

Beliefs Matter: Local Climate Concerns and Industrial Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States

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Abstract

Industrial emissions of greenhouse gases are significant contributors to climate change, which poses a grave threat to social and economic systems. Our understanding of what might drive firms to reduce their emissions of these gases, however, is incomplete, and it is not clear that the knowledge gained from other environmental issues will readily apply to these emissions. We argue and find that indicators of environmental injustice previously shown to relate to toxic pollutants, for example, are poor predictors of greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, we show that the degree of belief in and concern about climate change in a local community is a significant predictor of the facility’s rate of emission improvements. Furthermore, we find that beliefs at both the facility and headquarter communities influence emission reduction, and that those effects are substitutes for each other.

Beliefs Matter: Local Climate Concerns and Industrial Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States

Latest Results

Abstract

Industrial emissions of greenhouse gases are significant contributors to climate change, which poses a grave threat to social and economic systems. Our understanding of what might drive firms to reduce their emissions of these gases, however, is incomplete, and it is not clear that the knowledge gained from other environmental issues will readily apply to these emissions. We argue and find that indicators of environmental injustice previously shown to relate to toxic pollutants, for example, are poor predictors of greenhouse gas emissions. Instead, we show that the degree of belief in and concern about climate change in a local community is a significant predictor of the facility’s rate of emission improvements. Furthermore, we find that beliefs at both the facility and headquarter communities influence emission reduction, and that those effects are substitutes for each other.

Defluorination Techniques: Past, Present and Future Prospective

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Abstract

Fluoride ions are commonly found in minerals like mica, fluorapatite, muscovite, topaz, biotite, sellaite, cryolite, muscovite, and fluorspar. However, the presence of fluoride in groundwater has become a concern due to its contamination by wastewater from coal thermal power stations, aluminium smelters, electroplating-based industries, and glass and ceramic manufacturing facilities. While low fluoride consumption has some health benefits, excessive intake can lead to serious health issues such as crippling skeletal fluorosis, Alzheimer’s syndrome, carcinogenic effects, infertility, and thyroid disorders. To address these chronic health impacts, there has been significant research to find out sustainable and highly efficient methods for fluoride removal. This review paper overviews various defluorination techniques, such as precipitation and coagulation, ion exchange, electrodialysis or reverse osmosis (RO), nano-filtration, adsorption, with their various advantages and drawbacks. The present review aims to provide insight knowledge of importance of fluoride, its toxicity issues and their available removal strategies and their limitations. This will help the researchers in developing cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and convenient techniques for defluorination in different matrices. The paper encourages scientists to work towards achieving reliable and eco-friendly defluorination methods for future application.

Graphical Abstract

Digital citizenship and its relevance for literacy education: perspectives of preservice teachers

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Abstract

This research examines preservice teachers’ perspectives on digital citizenship and its relevance for literacy education. Digital citizenship has been explored in various ways in recent decades, primarily in the educational technology literature, and prominent themes of digital citizenship include the use of safely, responsibly, and productively using technology to engage in digital spaces. However, limited research has explored preservice teachers’ perspectives on digital citizenship, particularly as relates to literacy education. This qualitative case study investigates the views of 111 preservice teachers enrolled in a teacher preparation program in the Midwestern United States on digital citizenship and its relevance for literacy education. Data analysis of participants’ written reflections revealed four primary themes of digital citizenship that align with concepts, skills, and goals in literacy education: well-informed citizens, community engagement and activism, safety, and technological know-how. These themes also connect to digital literacies. Given the commonalities between digital citizenship and literacy education, explicit integration of digital citizenship curricula into literacy education can connect important and discrete digital literacy skills into more cohesive educational units that empower children to safely and productively utilize digital technologies to promote meaningful change in their communities.

Digital citizenship and its relevance for literacy education: perspectives of preservice teachers

Latest Results

Abstract

This research examines preservice teachers’ perspectives on digital citizenship and its relevance for literacy education. Digital citizenship has been explored in various ways in recent decades, primarily in the educational technology literature, and prominent themes of digital citizenship include the use of safely, responsibly, and productively using technology to engage in digital spaces. However, limited research has explored preservice teachers’ perspectives on digital citizenship, particularly as relates to literacy education. This qualitative case study investigates the views of 111 preservice teachers enrolled in a teacher preparation program in the Midwestern United States on digital citizenship and its relevance for literacy education. Data analysis of participants’ written reflections revealed four primary themes of digital citizenship that align with concepts, skills, and goals in literacy education: well-informed citizens, community engagement and activism, safety, and technological know-how. These themes also connect to digital literacies. Given the commonalities between digital citizenship and literacy education, explicit integration of digital citizenship curricula into literacy education can connect important and discrete digital literacy skills into more cohesive educational units that empower children to safely and productively utilize digital technologies to promote meaningful change in their communities.

Geomorphological assessment as basic complement of InSAR analysis for landslide processes understanding

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Abstract

Landslide research has benefited greatly from advances in remote sensing techniques. However, the recent increase in available data on land surface movement provided by InSAR techniques can lead to identifying only those areas that were active during data acquisition as hazardous, overlooking other potentially unsafe areas or neglecting landslide-specific geological settings in hazard assessments. Here, we present a case study that serves as a reminder for landslide researchers to carefully consider the geology and geomorphology of study areas where complex active movements are detected using InSAR technology. In an area extensively studied using InSAR and UAV-related techniques, we provide new insights by applying classical approaches. The area is the coastal stretch of La Herradura, and its importance lies in the fact that it has served as an illustrative example in the Product User Manual of the European Ground Motion Service, a platform that provides ground motion data on a European scale. Our approach is to revisit the area and carry out qualitative geological and geomorphological assessments supported by UAV surveys and GIS spatial analysis on a broader scale than previously published investigations. Our classical approach has yielded the following new observations, crucial for risk assessment and land management: active landslides identified by InSAR techniques since 2015 are bodies nested within large mass movements that affect entire slopes. A variety of processes contribute to slope dynamics, such as large slumps, marble rock spreading and block sliding, and surface rock falls and topples. The revised delineation of the landslide bodies reveals an area almost five times larger than previously mapped. These new findings in a well-known area highlight (1) the importance of updating and downscaling previous maps and (2) the ongoing importance of classical fieldwork and desk studies as basic complements to modern InSAR analyses.

Building indicators for trans-boundary natural resource management in the Cambodia–Laos–Vietnam Development Triangle Area based on experts’ opinion using Delphi method

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Abstract

The Cambodia–Laos–Vietnam (CLV) Development Triangle Area which includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam has made remarkable socio-economic achievements in the recent decade. However, problems regarding the use and management of natural resources have not been given adequate attention in each country. The collaboratively trans-boundary water, land, and forest resource management can contribute to the sustainable socio-economic development in the CLV Development Triangle Area. Thus, this study combines an Expert Delphi technique with a focus group discussion to construct key indicators to assess trans-boundary natural resource management in the region. This technique collects the opinions of “experts” on a defined theme. Thirty-five experts participate in a two-round Delphi process. Experts were selected based on their scientific background and recognized by competent authorities. The result displays a wide range of information over time and space in the CLV Development Triangle Area. Seventy key indicators were identified from 123 potential indicators, among which 24 were related to land resource management, 19 to the water resource management, and 27 to the forest resource management. The key indicators provide assessment tools for trans-boundary natural resource management, which help both national and provincial governments building sustainability strategies in the CLV Development Triangle Area toward achieving United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SGD). Furthermore, the results also provide a scientific reference for policymakers.

Assessment of current and future trends in water resources in the Gambia River Basin in a context of climate change

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Abstract

Accurate assessment of water resources at the watershed level is crucial for effective integrated watershed management. While semi-distributed/distributed models require complex structures and large amounts of input data, conceptual models have gained attention as an alternative to watershed modeling. In this paper, the performance of the GR4J conceptual model for runoff simulation in the Gambia watershed at Simenti station is analyzed over the calibration (1981–1990) and validation period (1991–2000 and 2001–2010). The main inputs to conceptual models like GR4J are daily precipitation data and potential evapotranspiration (PET) measured from the same catchment or a nearby location. Calibration of these models is typically performed using the Nash–Sutcliffe daily efficiency with a bias penalty as the objective function. In this case, the GR4J model is calibrated using four optimization parameters. To evaluate the effectiveness of the model's runoff predictions, various statistical measures such as Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, coefficient of determination, bias, and linear correlation coefficient are calculated. The results obtained in the Gambia watershed at Simenti station indicate satisfactory performance of the GR4J model in terms of forecast accuracy and computational efficiency. The Nash–Sutcliffe (Q) values are 0.623 and 0.711 during the calibration period (1981–1990) and the validation period (1991–2000), respectively. The average annual flow observed during the calibration period is 0.385 mm while it increases with a value of 0.603 mm during the validation period. As for the average flow simulated by the model, it is 0.142 mm during the calibration period (i.e., a delay of 0.142 mm compared to the observed flow), 0.626 mm in the validation period (i.e., an excess of 0.023 mm compared to the observed flow). However, this study is significant because it shows significant changes in all metrics in the watershed sample under different scenarios, especially the SSP245 and SSP585 scenarios over the period 2021–2100. These changes suggest a downward trend in flows, which would pose significant challenges for water management. Therefore, it is clear that sustainable water management would require substantial adaptation measures to cope with these changes.