PCA-VGG16 model for classification of rock types

Abstract

Conventional convolutional neural networks (CNN) are deficient in the rock type recognition due to large convolutional kernels and numerous network parameters necessitated for recognition of complex images. The advanced convolutional neural network, Visual Geometry Group-16 (VGG16) model, which is based on multiple small convolutional kernels and fully connected layers, attains higher classification accuracy, yet is limited by low computational efficiency. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that integrates the advanced VGG16 with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), a dimensionality reduction technique. This integration, referred to as the PCA-VGG16 model, aims to enhance the computational efficiency of automatic rock type identification. A dataset comprising 3000 images of six rock types: limestone, shale, dolomite, quartzite, marble, and granite, is assembled for training and testing of the PCA-VGG16 model. The feasibility of the PCA-VGG16 model for classification prediction is demonstrated through evaluation metrics including accuracy, loss value, and F1-score. A comparative analysis with the CNN and VGG16 models reveals that the proposed PCA-VGG16 model exhibits superior classification accuracy and reduced training durations, making a very promising advancement in the field. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis is conducted to understand the impact of dataset size and key hyperparameters (such as epochs and batch size) on the classification accuracy of the PCA-VGG16 model. The findings indicate that a minimum dataset of 1500 sample images is necessary to achieve a classification accuracy above 90%. For optimal model performance, a division of training, validation, and test sets approximately at 6:2:2, along with two epochs and a batch size of 128, is recommended in this study.

Participatory Video and Impact: Analysis of the Living Cultures Indigenous Fellowship

Abstract

The research analyses the Living Cultures Indigenous Fellowship, a participatory video (PV) project by the organisation InsightShare. The aims of this study are to determine how the notion of impact evaluation is conceived, what role the participants play in this process, and the initiative’s results. The study of the project allows us to identify some elements that provide alternatives to overcome some of the limitations described in relation to PV and impact evaluation. These alternatives include the relationship between InsightShare and the participants by creating a network of Indigenous organisations; participation as the axis of the initiative; and a multidimensional notion of impact. As project results, we identified three ways used to achieve the sustainability of the activities and to increase the autonomy of the Indigenous organisations, which are key aspects for fulfilling the social objectives of this type of initiative.

Quantifications of the Rights of the Child: Lessons Learned and Moving Forward

Abstract

Research on human rights has often focused on civil, political, and personal integrity rights to the exclusion of other categories of rights. Children’s rights have been one of these often-overlooked categories, at least in part because of the much more recent creation of relevant international law. While many practitioners do work to further children’s enjoyment of their rights, this has not been reflected with widespread, global measurement efforts by quantitative scholars. In this review, we first argue for the importance of measuring children’s rights. We then present several paths for translating international law into quantitative measurements, highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each approach generally and with regards to children’s rights more specifically. We explore measurement gaps of children’s rights that remain—coverage of the CRC and across countries and time; considerations of progressive realization and maximum resources; the incorporation of children’s developing capacities; and children’s participation. And we close with recommendations regarding potential avenues for future work on this subject.

Native Hawaiians’ Views on Depression and Preferred Behavioral Health Treatments: a Preliminary Qualitative Investigation

Abstract

Behavioral health issues, especially depression, are a major health disparity concern for Native Hawaiians in Hawaiʻi. Following the cultural safety framework and contextual behavioral science approach to intervention development, the present preliminary qualitative investigation aimed to gather better insight into Native Hawaiians’ views of depression and its causes as well as their preferred forms of behavioral health services. Data were initially collected from a 2-hour virtual focus group with three behavioral health service providers working with Native Hawaiians, followed by a total of 38 online one-on-one in-depth interviews with Native Hawaiian clients with depression (n = 19), behavioral health service providers working with Native Hawaiian adults (n = 9), and Native Hawaiian cultural leaders (n = 10). Our qualitative data suggested that Native Hawaiians tend to view depression contextually and socioculturally as the manifestation of one’s vital connection to the ʻāina (land), ʻohana (family; continuity from ancestry and future generations), community, culture/spirituality, and one’s authentic self being disrupted. Our findings also suggested that Native Hawaiians often attribute these disruptions to disparities due to the ongoing impact of colonization, historical trauma, and cultural loss. As a preferred form of treatment for depression, participants recommended various Hawaiian cultural practices to be integrated into existing behavioral health services to nurture the above-mentioned vital connection.

Treatment Disparities in Hispanic Patients with Chronic Pain: An Evidence-Based Narrative Review

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize healthcare disparities experienced by Hispanic and Latino/Latinx patients with chronic pain, evaluate the existing literature exploring the specific therapeutic inequities affecting this patient population, and identify gaps in the literature requiring future study.

Recent Findings

Hispanic and Latino/Latinx patients experience disparities in chronic pain management. They are less likely to be prescribed pharmacologic therapies, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids. Hispanic and Latino/Latinx patients are also less likely to receive spinal cord stimulators and may be charged higher costs for them. There are no published studies specifically assessing Hispanic and Latino/Latinx patients’ utilization and outcomes from other common interventional pain procedures (e.g., epidural steroid injections, radiofrequency ablation). Limited data suggest non-pharmacologic treatments, such as cognitive behavioral therapy and complementary/integrative health modalities, might have more benefit for this population, potentially because of greater utilization.

Summary

Hispanic and Latino/Latinx patients experience disparities in chronic pain management. There is a paucity of data available pertaining specifically to pain-related outcomes and the utilization of pain treatment modalities, especially in regard to interventional procedures. Additional research is urgently needed in order to understand the full extent of these disparities and develop solutions to provide more equitable care.

A Culture of Innovation in Early Childhood Education: Which Factors Shape How Teachers Use Curriculum Innovation?

Abstract

Curriculum innovation occurs throughout the early childhood education (ECE) sector. This article reports on the results of a survey conducted in Aotearoa New Zealand, during Phase 1 of a two-phase mixed-methods study. The research examines the factors that shape the way teachers use curriculum innovation and seeks to understand how teachers’ interactions with other teachers, families, and learners affect their innovative practices. In this study, 193 ECE teachers from throughout Aotearoa New Zealand responded to an online quantitative survey on these topics. The initial findings show that teachers’ innovation is informed by self-belief, relationships, and contextual factors, and how these all work to shape curriculum innovation. It is anticipated that this research will spark new thinking, new practices, and new collaborations across the ECE sector. Phase 2 qualitative case studies are currently underway across multiple locations in Aotearoa New Zealand.

Social sustainability assessment of road infrastructure: a systematic literature review

Abstract

Sustainable road infrastructure promotes economic growth, efficient utilisation of funds and enhances people's quality of life. The current sustainability assessment models focus more on economic and environmental factors and pay minimal attention to social factors. This review paper aims to systematically consolidate existing research related to the social sustainability assessment of road infrastructure and then provide insights for future research. A thorough systematic literature review of 93 peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and industry reports published from 2000 to 2021 was conducted. Firstly, the review highlights the shortfalls of existing assessment models and provides future research directions. Secondly, the study proposes a list of nine social sustainability dimensions and 48 indicators for assessing the lifecycle social impacts of road infrastructure. Finally, an integrated conceptual framework of interrelationships among the indicators is developed. The findings help policymakers, industry professionals, and academia understand the current state of the subject. Also, the list of social sustainability indicators and their interrelationships identified assists in developing enhanced assessment models for evaluating the net lifecycle social performance of road infrastructure in future. This paper unveils several key social sustainability dimensions and indicators along with their interrelationships that remain unaddressed during the lifecycle social impact assessment of road infrastructure. Finally, the study provides future research directions that can boost the social sustainability assessment of road infrastructure.

Investigation of Eurycoma longifolia Extract on Alleviating Steatosis by Using In Vivo and In Vitro Steatotic Models: Mechanisms Through Activation of AMPK and Autophagic Flux

Abstract

Eurycoma longifolia Jack, Simaroubaceae, is a popular tropical herb native to Southeast Asia, known for its medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory mechanisms of E. longifolia root extracts on steatosis in vivo and in vitro. Diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease model on C57BL/6 mice and free fatty acid-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells were used to study the anti-steatotic effects of E. longifolia extracts. Eurycoma longifolia ameliorated high-fat diet-induced obesity and steatosis and free fatty acid-promoted lipid and triacylglyceride accumulation without cytotoxicity. Eurycoma longifolia enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase as well as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α upregulation. Furthermore, E. longifolia suppressed free fatty acid-induced hepatic lipogenic proteins’ expression, such as the liver X receptor, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase, and stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1. Besides, E. longifolia inhibited lipid accumulation by induction of phosphorylation of Unc-51 like autophagy-activating kinase and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3 subunit II expression, as well as autophagic flux. The main ingredient in E. longifolia extracts is eurycomanone, which restricts lipid accumulation in free fatty acid-treated HepG2 cells. In summary, E. longifolia alleviates lipid accumulation and improves hepatocyte lipid metabolism by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase and autophagy pathways.

Graphical Abstract

A Confirmation Bias View on Social Media Induced Polarisation During Covid-19

Abstract

Social media has played a pivotal role in polarising views on politics, climate change, and more recently, the Covid-19 pandemic. Social media induced polarisation (SMIP) poses serious challenges to society as it could enable ‘digital wildfires’ that can wreak havoc worldwide. While the effects of SMIP have been extensively studied, there is limited understanding of the interplay between two key components of this phenomenon: confirmation bias (reinforcing one’s attitudes and beliefs) and echo chambers (i.e., hear their own voice). This paper addresses this knowledge deficit by exploring how manifestations of confirmation bias contributed to the development of ‘echo chambers’ at the height of the Covid-19 pandemic. Thematic analysis of data collected from 35 participants involved in supply chain information processing forms the basis of a conceptual model of SMIP and four key cross-cutting propositions emerging from the data that have implications for research and practice.

Digital Resilience Through Training Protocols: Learning To Identify Fake News On Social Media

Abstract

We explore whether training protocols can enhance the ability of social media users to detect fake news, by conducting an online experiment (N = 417) to analyse the effect of such a training protocol, while considering the role of scepticism, age, and level of education. Our findings show a significant relationship between the training protocol and the ability of social media users to detect fake news, suggesting that the protocol can play a positive role in training social media users to recognize fake news. Moreover, we find a direct positive relationship between age and level of education on the one hand and ability to detect fake news on the other, which has implications for future research. We demonstrate the potential of training protocols in countering the effects of fake news, as a scalable solution that empowers users and addresses concerns about the time-consuming nature of fact-checking.