Sections
 
Europe and North America
 Switzerland

Introduction

According to the EC’s Open Science monitor based on Scopus and Unpaywall data, Switzerland holds a top position for the percentage of OA publications. As the very high proportion of green OA shows, this seems to be due to a well-developed network of OA repositories and support teams at most research institutions. In Switzerland, Open Access is promoted on various levels including OA requirements of individual universities and funders (Swiss National Science Foundation, SNSF), OA repositories, digitization of Swiss journals and library archives, and OA publishers. Increasingly, universities plan to collaborate at national level to foster different aspects of Open Access including research data.

Swiss universities now universally have access to either their own repository or a shared repository such as réro doc. The OpenAIRE/CERN repository ZENODO contains documents and research data for which an institutional or subject-based repository is not available.

As per March 2021, There are 34 electronic repositories listed in OpenDOAR and DOAJ indexes 380+ Swiss OA journals distributed by major OA publishers such as Frontiers.

On 2 April 2015,  CERN and Elsevier announced that articles published by CERN authors Elsevier Physics journals that are not covered by the SCOAP3 Open Access initiative will now be Open Access. Thanks to this agreement, CERN results in fields such as nuclear physics, instrumentation, astroparticle physics and scientific computing will appear as Open Access articles, with copyright retained by CERN and its authors, and reuse determined by Creative Commons CC-BY licenses. This allows CERN to progress further towards its stated target of 100% ‘gold’ Open Access for all of its physics results as of 2015. This new agreement covers all articles with at least one author affiliated to CERN, published in 2015 and 2016 in the Elsevier journals: Nuclear Instruments and Methods A (link is external), Nuclear Physics A (link is external), Physics of the Dark Universe (link is external) and SoftwareX (link is external). These conditions have also been retroactively extended to eligible articles that were published in 2014 in the same journals. CERN and Elsevier, together with a consortium of thousands of libraries from all over the world, are already successfully cooperating in the SCOAP3 initiative (link is external), a separate agreement that has converted important scientific journals such as Elsevier’s Physics Letters B (link is external) and Nuclear Physics B (link is external) to Open Access at no cost for any author worldwide.

Some of the major open access projects were:

Open Access Week is an important and continuous opportunity to inform about Open Access. Especially, the Universities of Fribourg and Zurich as well as EPFL and ETH Zurich make regular efforts to contribute to the ongoing dialogue on Open Access.

The OAI conference series on Open Access is hosted by University of Geneva and CERN. It is well known, organized by an international committee, and an important source for advocacy and the awareness of Open Access in Switzerland and worldwide. The latest conference, OAI8, took place in Geneva in 2013.

OKcon, the Open Knowledge Conference, in Geneva 2013 further fostered the spirit and the practical implications of Open Science. It marked the launch of the Swiss platform for Open Governmental Data. In the meantime it is being discussed if open research data might be included on the portal in the future.

The Rector's Conference of the Swiss Universities (CRUS) is finalizing its strategy for the Swiss University Conference (SUC) program P-2 “Scientific information: access, processing and safeguarding”

The focus of this planned e-science program is to provide researchers, teachers and students at Swiss higher education institutions with an optimal environment for the use (search, consultation, processing, visualization, storage, dissemination, sharing, reuse) of all forms of scientific information needed for their work. Open Access is a part of this program.

Currently 160 retroactively digitized journals culturally based in Switzerland are freely accessible, usually with a moving wall, at retro digitized journals. The projects e-codices, e-rara and e-manuscripta focus on making digital reproductions with free access of old manuscripts and antique prints held by Swiss libraries. Projects are part of E-lib.ch, a program of Swiss academic libraries sponsored by CRUS and SUC.

The Consortium of Swiss Academic Libraries negotiates Green Open Access in their licencing negotiations with publishers.

The informal Swiss Working Group Open Access brings together OA advocates, mostly from academic libraries. It coordinated the input on Open Access for the national SUC P-2 e-science program mentioned above.

Enabling Environment

The Berlin Declaration has been signed by 12 Swiss research institutions and by 4 academic governing bodies including the Rector's Conference of the Swiss Universities (CRUS), the Conference of the Swiss Universities of Applied Sciences (KFH), the Swiss Conference of Schools for Teacher Education (SKPH) and the Council of the Swiss Scientific Academies (CASS).

The SNSF pursues an OA requirement and allows recipients to plan and use grant funds for OA author fees. Frontiers and MDPI are major OA publishers. Switzerland participates in European projects such as OpenAIREplus.

National and Institutional Level Policies/Mandates

In a letter dated 4 December 2015, the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (hereinafter SERI) commissioned swissuniversities (the association of Swiss Higher Education Institutions) to elaborate, with the support of the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), a national strategy for Open Access to publications (hereinafter OA). This national OA strategy was formulated by a representative working group led by swissuniversities and was adopted by the plenary assembly of swissuniversities on 31 January 2017.

SNSF, the major research funder in Switzerland, has an OA mandate, requiring deposit of research results in repositories or publication in OA journals. The Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences strongly recommends OA to its members.

Of the 16 universities (including national research institutes) that exist in Switzerland, 6 have OA requirements. In other universities, deposit in repositories is strongly encouraged. In all cases, the Green or Gold Road are possible.

As of May 2021, there are 22 OA policies registered in ROARMAP. In SHERPA/JULIET 4 funders' OA mandates are registered..

In April 2014, Frontiers was officially launched at the USA Engineering Festival.

In Winter 2014, Frontiers Jacobs Foundation support was announced.

Potential Barriers

  • There is no integrated national approach, strategy or funding to deal with Open Access. OA only started recently to become a topic in research politics (see SUC program below) and was so far largely the responsibility of individual research institutions.
  • Consequently, the level of OA implementation varies greatly from one institution to another.
  • Overall insufficient awareness of OA among individual researchers.
  • Funding of OA publication fees is lagging behind and in many cases up to individual researchers.

Key Organizations

  • Swiss National Science Foundation, SNSF
  • Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences 
  • University of Zurich

The Novartis Repository, OAK Open Archive holds published research output of Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research (NIBR) and Novartis Corporate Research available for Open Access.

ZENODO is a repository service that enables researchers, scientists, projects and institutions to share and showcase multidisciplinary research results (data and publications) that are not part of existing institutional or subject-based repositories. It was launched by the project OpenAIRE and is hosted at CERN.

Events and Programmes

  • Opendata.swiss - The first webinar about the Swiss national portal opendata.swiss (event in Italian dedicated to Ticino Canton public data), 2020-10-23, Switzerland, Organized by Iolanda Pensa, Type: webinar, about, open, data
  • "Open Access in Action" free online conference by swissuniversities and ZHAW, 2020-10-19, Switzerland, Organized by swissuniversities and ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Type: online, conference
  • Open access full-fledged: future roles of the stakeholders, 2019-10-24, Switzerland, Organized by Gabriella Padovan, Type: panel, discussion
  • Open Science SUPSI 2019, 2019-10-24, Switzerland, Organized by SUPSI, Type: training, conference
  • Prova il tasto modifica / Try the Edit Button, 2019-10-23, Switzerland, Organized by Iolanda Pensa, SUPSI, Type: conference
  • National Open Access Conference, 2018-10-26, Switzerland, Organized by swissuniversities, Type: conference
  • Library e-day, 2018-10-25, Switzerland, Organized by Main Library of the University of Zurich (HBZ) and the Zentralbibliothek Zürich (ZB), Type: information, event, oa, rdm, data
  • Make your research open with SciPress, 2018-10-22, Switzerland, Organized by SciPress Ltd., Type: open, access, publishing, oa, information
  • Open Access Week 2017 at University of Zurich, 2017-10-23, Switzerland, Organized by Open Access Team, Main Library/Hauptbibliothek UZH, Type: poster, session
  • Novel ways of publishing science, 2016-11-01, Switzerland, Organized by Main Library of the University of Zurich, Type: presentation
  • How to go Open Access (Webinar), 2016-10-25, Switzerland, Organized by ETH Library, Type: webinar
  • Open Access posters exhibition, 2016-10-24, Switzerland, Organized by Main Library of the University of Zurich, Type: poster, exhibition, scholarly
  • MDPI: 20 years of Open Access publishing, 2015-10-20, Switzerland, Organized by Main Library of the University of Zurich, Type: open, access, publishing, awareness
  • Publishing with Open Access, 2015-10-20, Switzerland, Organized by Main Library of the University of Zurich, Type: information, event, about, open, access
  • 23-24 January 2014- WIPO Conference on Open Innovation: Collaborative Projects and the Future of Knowledge.
  • 14 January 2014- " Perspectives in Understanding Open Access to Research Data- Infrastructure and Technology Challenges", Geneva, Switzerland.
  • 4-6 June 2014- "The Openness Paradigm: How Synergies Between Open Access, Open Data, Open Science, Open Source Hardware, Open Drug Discovery Support Development?" Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • The OAI Conference Series on Open Access is hosted by University of Geneva and CERN. The latest conference, OA18 took place in Geneva in 2013.
  • OKcon, the OpenKnowledge Conference, 2013  marked the launch of the Swiss platform for Open Governmental Data.
  • 2013 OA week events were held at ETH Zurich and University of Fribourg among others.
  • 2010 and 2011 OA week events were held at the University of Fribourg in partnership with the Fribourg County Library. Other universities such as Zürich have also been active during OA Week.

Publications

  • Accart, J. P. E. (2006). SwissInfoDesk: The virtual reference desk project of the Swiss National Library. New Library World, 107(5/6), 228-237. Doi:10.1108/03074800610665220
  • Aguzzi, A. 2015. “Scientific Publishing in the Times of Open Access.” Swiss Medical Weekly 145. doi: 10.4414/smw.2015.14118.
  • Anane-Sarpong, E., T. Wangmo, C. L. Ward, O. Sankoh, M. Tanner, and B. S. Elger. 2018. “‘You Cannot Collect Data Using Your Own Resources and Put It on Open Access’: Perspectives from Africa about Public Health Data-Sharing.” Developing World Bioethics 18(4):394–405. doi: 10.1111/dewb.12159.
  • Arroyo, C. M., L. Munoa, F. A. Navarro, M. V. Saladrigas, and K. Shashok. 2005. “Panace@ - A Successful Open Access Journal from the STM Translation Community.” Learned Publishing 18(4):258–69. doi: 10.1087/095315105774648834.
  • Arshad, Z., J. Smith, M. Roberts, W. H. Lee, B. Davies, K. Bure, G. A. Hollander, S. Dopson, C. Bountra, and D. Brindley. 2016. “Open Access Could Transform Drug Discovery: A Case Study of JQ1.” Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 11(3):321–32. doi: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1144587.
  • Aspesi, C., and A. Brand. 2020. “In Pursuit of Open Science, Open Access Is Not Enough.” Science 368(6491):574–77. doi: 10.1126/science.aba3763.
  • Bessoff, K., T. Spangenberg, J. E. Foderaro, R. S. Jumani, G. E. Ward, and C. D. Hustona. 2014. “Identification of Cryptosporidium Parvum Active Chemical Series by Repurposing the Open Access Malaria Box.” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58(5):2731–39. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02641-13.
  • Beyer, T., G. Flux, B. Sattler, A. B. Delaloye, and I. Carrio. 2014. “EJNMMI Physics - Access Is Open for Open Access.” European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 41(2):197–98. doi: 10.1007/s00259-013-2637-y.
  • Bianconi, A., and M. Rittman. 2016. “Condensed Matter: A New Open Access Journal.” Condensed Matter 1(1):1. doi: 10.3390/condmat1010003.
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  • Björck, M., and F. Dick. 2021. “Open Access Publishing in the EJVES: A Hybrid Solution for a Hybrid Specialty (and How ‘Hybrid’ Helped the Dinosaurs Survive).” European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery 61(3):363–64. doi: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2021.02.002.
  • Bornmann, L., and H. D. Daniel. 2010. “Predictive Validity of Editorial Decisions at an Open Access Journal: A Case Study on Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.” Pp. 40–44 in ELPUB 2010 - Publishing in the Networked World: Transforming the Nature of Communication, 14th International Conference on Electronic Publishing.
  • Bornmann, L., C. Neuhaus, and H. D. Daniel. 2011. “The Effect of a Two-Stage Publication Process on the Journal Impact Factor: A Case Study on the Interactive Open Access Journal Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.” Scientometrics 86(1):93–97. doi: 10.1007/s11192-010-0250-4.
  • Bornmann, L., H. Schier, W. Marx, and H. D. Daniel. 2011. “Is Interactive Open Access Publishing Able to Identify High-Impact Submissions? A Study on the Predictive Validity of Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics by Using Percentile Rank Classes.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 62(1):61–71. doi: 10.1002/asi.21418.
  • Bornmann, L., W. Marx, H. Schier, A. Thor, and H. D. Daniel. 2010. “From Black Box to White Box at Open Access Journals: Predictive Validity of Manuscript Reviewing and Editorial Decisions at Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics.” Research Evaluation 19(2):105–18. doi: 10.3152/095820210X510089.
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  • Boschmann Käthler, C., U. M. Angst, A. M. Aguilar, and B. Elsener. 2019. “A Novel Approach to Systematically Collect Critical Chloride Contents in Concrete in an Open Access Data Base.” Data in Brief 27. doi: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104675.
  • Boshears, P. 2013. “Open Access Publishing as a Para-Academic Proposition: Besides OA as Labour Relation.” TripleC 11(2):614–19. doi: 10.31269/vol11iss2pp614-619.
  • Boyom, F. F., P. V. T. Fokou, L. R. Y. Tchokouaha, T. Spangenberg, A. N. Mfopa, R. M. T. Kouipou, C. J. Mbouna, V. F. D. Donfack, and P. H. A. Zollo. 2014. “Repurposing the Open Access Malaria Box to Discover Potent Inhibitors of Toxoplasma Gondii and Entamoeba Histolytica.” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58(10):5848–54. doi: 10.1128/AAC.02541-14.
  • Buerli, S and Kleiner, B (2009) Supporting an open access research culture: findings of a national survey of social science researchers. Fors: Lausanne.
  • Buncic, P., M. Gheata, and Y. Schutz. 2015. “Open Access for ALICE Analysis Based on Virtualization Technology.” in Journal of Physics: Conference Series. Vol. 664.
  • Chergui, M. 2014. “Editorial: Welcome to Structural Dynamics-A New Open-Access Journal Co-Published by AIP Publishing and the American Crystallographic Association.” Structural Dynamics 1(1). doi: 10.1063/1.4867056.
  • Cohen, E., A. Y. Chen, R. L. Ferris, A. Lee, and J. Bernier. 2013. “Open Access in Biomedical Sciences: What the Current Turning Point Means More Specifically to Oral Oncology Contributors and Readers.” Oral Oncology 49(10):985–86. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.09.002.
  • Dallmeier-Tiessen, S., R. Darby, B. Goerner, J. Hyppoelae, P. Igo-Kemenes, D. Kahn, S. Lambert, A. Lengenfelder, C. Leonard, S. Mele, M. Nowicka, P. Polydoratou, D. Ross, S. Ruiz-Perez, R. Schimmer, M. Swaisland, and W. Van Der Stelt. 2011. “Open Access Journals - What Publishers Offer, What Researchers Want.” Information Services and Use 31(1–2):85–91. doi: 10.3233/ISU-2011-0624.
  • Dardier, G. J. 2018. “Open Access to Digital Information at the University for Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland.” in ACM International Conference Proceeding Series.
  • David, F. P. A., J. Delafontaine, S. Carat, F. J. Ross, G. Lefebvre, Y. Jarosz, L. Sinclair, D. Noordermeer, J. Rougemont, and M. Leleu. 2014. “HTSstation: A Web Application and Open-Access Libraries for High-Throughput Sequencing Data Analysis.” PLoS ONE 9(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085879.
  • Destremau, B., R. Giacaman, M. Harb, L. Herrera, M. Mexi, S. Mitwalli, E. C. Murphy, Y. Rabaia, L. Welchman, and E. Zambelli. 2017. “The Dilemmas of the European Union’s Open Access to Data Policy.” The Lancet 390(10090):122–23. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31458-7.
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  • Favre, J., T. Germond, P. Clavert, P. Collin, A. Michelet, and A. Lädermann. 2020a. “Want a Better H-Index? – All You Need to Know about Copyright and Open Access.” Orthopaedics and Traumatology: Surgery and Research 106(8):1475–80. doi: 10.1016/j.otsr.2020.05.015.
  • Favre, J., T. Germond, P. Clavert, P. Collin, A. Michelet, and A. Lädermann. 2020b. “Want a Better H-Index? – All You Need to Know about Copyright and Open Access [Ce Que Vous Devez Savoir Sur Le Droit d’auteur et l’Open Access Pour Augmenter Votre h-Index].” Revue de Chirurgie Orthopedique et Traumatologique 106(8):930–36. doi: 10.1016/j.rcot.2020.10.008.
  • Feist, A (2009). Providing access and improving national cooperation: contemporary libraries and librarianship in Switzerland. Library Student Journal Vol 4, 2009.
  • Ferri, F., S. Garcia, M. Baghdad, J. Reichel, and R. Long. 2020. “Mapping Optical Standing-Waves of an Open-Access Fabry-Perot Cavity with a Tapered Fiber.” Review of Scientific Instruments 91(3). doi: 10.1063/1.5142709.
  • Fornes, O., J. A. Castro-Mondragon, A. Khan, R. Van Der Lee, X. Zhang, P. A. Richmond, B. P. Modi, S. Correard, M. Gheorghe, D. Baranašić, W. Santana-Garcia, G. Tan, J. Chèneby, B. Ballester, F. Parcy, A. Sandelin, B. Lenhard, W. W. Wasserman, and A. Mathelier. 2020. “JASPAR 2020: Update of the Open-Access Database of Transcription Factor Binding Profiles.” Nucleic Acids Research 48(D1):D87–92. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz1001.
  • Fox, M. R., and A. W. Harris. 2002. “An Assessment of Open Access Referral for Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in a District General Hospital.” European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 14(11):1245–49. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200211000-00013.
  • Francillon, C., B. Burnand, Ph. Frei, J. Duc, J. P. Lantin, A. Leimgruber, and A. Pécoud. 1995. “Referral Pattern to the Allergist for Hay Fever in a Health‐care System with Open Access to Specialists.” Allergy 50(12):959–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.1995.tb02507.x.
  • Froehlich, F., B. Burnand, I. Pache, J. P. Vader, M. Fried, C. Schneider, J. Kosecoff, M. Kolodny, R. W. Dubois, R. H. Brook, and J. J. Gonvers. 1997. “Overuse of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy in a Country with Open- Access Endoscopy: A Prospective Study in Primary Care.” Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 45(1):13–19. doi: 10.1016/S0016-5107(97)70330-4.
  • Fuhrer, Christian (2009). ZORA: Open Access at the University of Zurich. arbido: 37 (2009) pp. 22-25. 10.5281/zenodo.7074
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  • Gaulé, P., and N. Maystre. 2011. “Getting Cited: Does Open Access Help?” Research Policy 40(10):1332–38. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2011.05.025.
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  • Hagner, M. 2018. “Open Access, Data Capitalism and Academic Publishing.” Swiss Medical Weekly 148:w14600. doi: 10.4414/smw.2018.14600.
  • Haller, T., and H. N. Chabwela. 2009. “Managing Common Pool Resources in the Kafue Flats, Zambia: From Common Property to Open Access and Privatisation.” Development Southern Africa 26(4):555–67. doi: 10.1080/03768350903181340.
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